Baseball Terms Glossary

Action

• Definition: A term referring to a bet that is active regardless of the starting pitchers.
• Example: If you place an action bet on the Yankees, the bet stands even if the originally scheduled pitcher is replaced.
• Insight: Use "action" bets if you prioritize betting on the team, not the pitcher.

Alternate Lines

• Definition: Adjusted run lines with different payouts.
• Example: Instead of betting the standard run line of -1.5, you might find an alternate line of -2.5 for the Dodgers at better odds.
• Insight: Alternate lines offer higher risk and reward but require sharper insights into team performance.

Assist (A)

A defensive statistic is credited to a fielder who makes a play by touching or handling the ball, which directly contributes to an out. This typically occurs when the fielder throws or deflects the ball to another player who completes the putout.

• Example: A shortstop fields a ground ball and throws it to first base, where the batter is put out. The shortstop is credited with an assist.
• If a fielder deflects the ball to another player who records the out, the initial fielder is still credited with an assist.

At-Bat (AB)

An official statistic that records a batter’s turn facing a pitcher, excluding certain outcomes. An at-bat is counted every time a batter completes their plate appearance by hitting the ball, striking out, or reaching base on a fielder's choice or error. However, an at-bat is not recorded in the following situations:

• The batter receives a walk (BB).
• The batter is hit by a pitch (HBP).
• The batter executes a sacrifice bunt or sacrifice fly (SAC).
• The batter is awarded first base due to catcher interference or obstruction.

Why At-Bats Matter:

At-bats are critical in calculating key batting statistics such as batting average (BA) and slugging percentage (SLG), making them a central metric in evaluating offensive performance.

Examples of At-Bats:

Counted:

• A batter hits a single, double, triple, or home run.
• A batter strikes out.
• A batter grounds out or flies out.

Not Counted:

• A batter draws a walk or is hit by a pitch.
• A batter lays down a sacrifice bunt or hits a sacrifice fly.

Automated Ball-Strike System (ABS)

A technology-driven system used in baseball to determine whether a pitch is a ball or a strike. ABS employs radar, cameras, or laser systems to track the pitch's trajectory and assess its location relative to the strike zone. The system sends its decision to the home plate umpire, who signals the call. Introduced to improve accuracy and consistency.

Although not yet implemented in all games, it is used in minor leagues, and there are talks about using it in the MLB for challenges.

Balk

An illegal action or motion by the pitcher that deceives a base runner or violates pitching rules. When a balk is called, all base runners can advance one base. Common causes include a pitcher failing to come to a complete stop in the set position or beginning their motion without delivering the ball.

Ball

A pitch that is thrown outside the strike zone and is not swung at by the batter. If a batter receives four balls during a plate appearance, they are awarded a walk (called a base on balls) and advance to first base. The umpire determines balls based on the strike zone’s defined boundaries.

Base

It is one of four points on the field that a runner must touch in sequence to score a run. The bases are:

1. First Base: The initial goal after a batter hits the ball.
2. Second Base: The midpoint on the diamond.
3. Third Base: The last stop before reaching home plate.
4. Home Plate: Where the runner scores.

Each base is 90 feet apart in standard play and serves as a physical marker and a key strategic element of the game.

Base Hit

When a batter reaches at least first base safely after hitting the ball.

A term used when a batter successfully hits the ball into fair territory and reaches at least first base safely without the benefit of an error or a fielder's choice. Base hits are categorized as:

• Single: Reaching first base.
• Double: Reaching second base.
• Triple: Reaching third base.
• Home Run: Reaching home plate directly.

Base Runner

An offensive player who has safely reached at least first base and remains on base during the inning. Base runners can advance to the next base(s) through hits, walks, balks, errors, or steals, and their ultimate goal is to reach home plate to score a run.

Bat Tracking Data

Definition: Bat tracking data refers to detailed measurements of a baseball player's bat movements during a swing. This data captures metrics like bat speed, attack angle, barrel efficiency, and contact point, providing insights into a player's swing mechanics and performance.

What It Tracks:

1. Bat Speed: How fast the bat moves at the point of contact with the ball.
2. Attack Angle: The angle at which the bat approaches the ball, impacting the launch trajectory.
3. Exit Velocity: Speed of the ball off the bat, influenced by bat speed and contact precision.
4. Swing Path: The trajectory of the bat through the strike zone.
5. Timing: How early or late the bat makes contact with the pitch.

Batting Average (BA)

A statistic showing a batter’s success rate, calculated by dividing hits by at-bats.

• Real-World Example: In the 2024 MLB season, Aaron Judge led the league with a batting average of .322, achieving 180 hits in 559 at-bats.
• Statistical Table:

Batter’s Box

The rectangular area next to home plate is where the batter stands during their turn.

Bullpen

The area where pitchers warm up before entering the game also refers to relief pitchers collectively.

Bunt

A softly hit ball tapped with the bat, often intended to advance base runners.

Caught Stealing Percentage (CS%)

The rate at which a catcher throws out runners attempting to steal is calculated as (Caught Stealing) / (Caught Stealing + Stolen Bases Allowed).

Catcher

The defensive player positioned behind home plate who catches pitches and prevents stolen bases.

Challenge

A process in baseball where a team manager can formally request a review of a specific umpire's call using video replay to determine its accuracy. Challenges are designed to ensure fairness by correcting potentially incorrect calls.

Rules for Challenges

Initiating a Challenge:

• Each team is allowed one challenge per game.
• If the challenge is successful (the call is overturned), the team can challenge another play.
• If unsuccessful, the team loses its challenge for the remainder of the game.

Reviewable Calls:
Challenges can be used on plays such as:

• Safe/out calls at bases.
• Fair/foul calls in the outfield.
• Catch/no-catch plays.
• Hit-by-pitch decisions.
• Boundary plays, such as home runs or ground-rule doubles.

Non-Reviewable Calls:
Certain plays, like balls and strikes, are not eligible for challenges, although talks are underway to implement an Automated Strike System for the MLB.

Time Limit:

• Managers must signal their intent to challenge within a reasonable time frame after the play, often determined by the umpire's discretion or a visible time countdown.
• Teams may use video monitors in the dugout to decide whether to challenge.

Replay Process:

• The umpire crew reviews the play using multiple camera angles provided by the league’s replay center.
• The replay officials make a final ruling, and the umpire communicates the decision on the field.

Postseason Rules:

• In postseason games, each team can challenge an unlimited number of times if each challenge is successful.

Challenges have been a part of Major League Baseball since 2014, enhancing the accuracy of critical calls and reducing disputes on the field.

Changeup

A slower pitch thrown to deceive the batter, making a fastball look faster by comparison.

Closer

A relief pitcher who specializes in securing the final outs of a game.

Closing Line

• Definition: The final odds or line before a game starts.
• Example: The Yankees' moneyline might open at -150 and close at -170 due to heavy public betting.
• Insight: Sharp bettors often compare their bets to the closing line to measure value.

Cycle

When a player hits a single, double, triple, and home run in the same game.

Designated Hitter (DH)

A player who bats in place of the pitcher, used in the American League.

Double

A hit where the batter safely reaches second base.

Doubleheader

• Definition: Two games played by the same teams on the same day.
• Example: The Red Sox and Yankees might play a doubleheader due to a previous rainout.
• Insight: Doubleheaders often involve tired players and bullpen management, impacting betting decisions.

Double Play (DP)

A defensive play resulting in two outs.

Dugout

The team’s bench area where players and coaches stay when not on the field.

Earned Run (ER)

A run that scores without the aid of an error or passed ball.

• Real-World Example: In the 2024 season, pitcher Luis Castillo had an ERA of 3.56, indicating he allowed an average of 3.56 earned runs per nine innings pitched.
• Statistical Table:

Earned Run Average (ERA)

A statistic measuring a pitcher’s effectiveness, calculated as earned runs allowed per nine innings.

Error

A defensive mistake that allows a batter or runner to advance or remain safe when they otherwise wouldn’t have.

Extra-base Hit (XBH)

A hit that results in the batter reaching at least second base (i.e., a double, triple, or home run).

Fastball

A pitch thrown with maximum velocity.

Fielding Percentage (FPCT)

A defensive metric calculated as (Putouts + Assists) / (Total Chances).

Fielder’s Choice

When a fielder chooses to try to put out a different runner instead of the batter.

First Five Innings (F5)

• Definition: A bet focusing only on the first five innings of a game.
• Example: You might bet the Mets -0.5 on the F5 run line if their starting pitcher has a strong matchup.
• Insight: Ideal for bettors focusing on starting pitchers and avoiding late-inning variability.

Fly Ball

A ball hit high into the air.

Force Out

An out made when a fielder touches a base before the runner arrives, due to a runner being forced to advance.

Foul Ball

A batted ball that lands or rolls outside the foul lines.

Full Count

A count of three balls and two strikes on the batter.

Futures

• Definition: Long-term bets on outcomes like season wins, division champions, or the World Series winner.
• Example: Betting the Dodgers to win the 2024 World Series at +500 odds before the season starts.
• Insight: Futures involve tying up funds but can offer high payouts if you predict early trends.

Games Played (G)

The number of games in which a player has appeared.

Grand Slam

A home run hit with the bases loaded, scoring four runs.

Ground Ball

A batted ball that rolls or bounces on the ground.

Ground Into Double Play (GIDP)

When a batter hits a ground ball that results in a double play.

Ground-Rule Double

A hit that bounces over the outfield wall, automatically awarding the batter second base.

Handicap

• Definition: Adjusting the perceived advantage between two teams, often referred to as the run line in baseball.
• Example: The Astros are -1.5 on the run line against the Angels, meaning they must win by 2 or more runs for the bet to win.
• Insight: Handicap betting reduces moneyline juice but increases risk.

Hitting Streak

A baseball hitting streak refers to the consecutive number of games in which a player records at least one base hit. The streak continues as long as the player successfully hits safely (e.g., a single, double, triple, or home run) in every game. The streak ends if a player has no hits in a game (and does not walk or reach base in other ways).

For example:

• If a player gets at least one hit in 15 consecutive games, they have a 15-game hitting streak.
• Legendary streaks, such as Joe DiMaggio's 56-game hitting streak in 1941, are celebrated as exceptional achievements in baseball history.

Home Plate

The final base a runner must touch to score a run. It is also where the batter stands.

Home Run (HR)

It's a hit where the batter circles all bases and scores a run without being put out.

Infield

The area within the four bases, including the dirt portion of the field.

Inning

A segment of the game where both teams have a turn to bat and play defense; consists of a top half and bottom half.

Intentional Walk (IBB)

A walk issued deliberately by the pitcher, allowing the batter to reach first base without a competitive pitch.

Knuckleball

A pitch with little to no spin, creating erratic movement.

Left On Base (LOB)

The number of runners not scored or put out at the end of an inning.

Line Drive

A ball hit sharply and directly in the air, typically parallel to the ground.

Lineup

Definition: The baseball lineup refers to the players' batting order as determined by the team's manager. It dictates the sequence in which players come to bat and often reflects their strengths, such as power-hitting, speed, or on-base skills.

Example: The Yankees' lineup might start with:

1. DJ LeMahieu (leadoff hitter)
2. Aaron Judge (power hitter)
3. Giancarlo Stanton (cleanup hitter)

This lineup positions Judge and Stanton to drive in runs created by players who reach base earlier.

Live Betting

• Definition: Betting on a game while it’s in progress.
• Example: Betting on the Yankees' moneyline at +150 after they go down by one run in the 3rd inning.
• Insight: Watch for momentum shifts, bullpen fatigue, and live odds movement.

Major League Baseball (MLB)

The highest professional baseball organization in North America.

Moneyline

• Definition: A bet on which team will win the game outright.
• Example: Yankees -120 means you need to bet $120 to win $100 if the Yankees win.
• Insight: Moneyline odds reflect the implied probability of a team’s win.

No-Hitter

A game in which a pitcher does not allow any hits.

Odds (Baseball)

Definition

Odds in baseball betting represent the probability of a specific outcome and determine how much you can win on a bet. They are typically presented in moneyline format, where positive (+) odds indicate the underdog and negative (-) odds indicate the favorite.

Example

• Game: Yankees vs. Red Sox
  • Yankees: -150 (favorite)
  • Red Sox: +130 (underdog)

What the odds mean:

• Betting $150 on the Yankees to win would return $100 in profit if they win.
• Betting $100 on the Red Sox to win would return $130 in profit if they win.

Insights

Implied Probability:

• Odds indicate the implied probability of an event occurring:
  • Yankees -150: Implied probability = 60%.
  • Red Sox +130: Implied probability = 43.5%.

Comparing Value:

• Use odds to evaluate whether a bet offers value compared to your own assessment of the team's likelihood to win.
• For example, if you believe the Red Sox have a 50% chance of winning but the odds imply only a 43.5% chance, betting on the Red Sox is a value bet.

Shop for Odds:

• Odds can vary between sportsbooks, so finding the best odds ensures maximum returns.
• For instance, if one sportsbook offers the Yankees at -150 and another at -140, betting at the latter reduces your risk.

Odds Movement:

• Monitor odds changes, as they reflect factors like injuries, weather, or heavy betting on one side.
• Example: If the Yankees' odds move from -150 to -170, it indicates increased confidence in their likelihood to win.

On-Base Percentage 

a baseball statistic that measures how often a player reaches base per plate appearance. It accounts for hits, walks, and hit-by-pitches but does not include errors, fielder’s choices, or times a pitch hits a player.

Formula: OBP=(Hits + Walks + Hit-by-Pitches)÷(At-Bats + Walks + Hit-by-Pitches + Sacrifice Flies)

• Example: If a player has 50 plate appearances with 12 hits, 8 walks, 2 hit-by-pitches, and 2 sacrifice flies:
• OBP=(12+8+2)÷(40+8+2+2)=0.440
• OBP gives a broader view of a player's ability to contribute offensively than the batting average because it includes walks and hit-by-pitches.

On-Base Plus Slugging (OPS)

A statistic that combines on-base and slugging percentages to provide an overall measure of a player's offensive performance.

• Real-World Example: In 2024, Shohei Ohtani had an OPS of 1.036, reflecting his combined ability to reach base and hit for power.
• Statistical Table:

On-Deck Circle

The designated area where the next batter warms up.

Outfield

The grassy area beyond the infield and between the foul lines.

Outfield Assist (OFA)

An assist is credited to an outfielder who throws out a runner attempting to advance.

Over/Under (Totals)

• Definition: A bet on the total combined runs scored by both teams in a game.
• Example: The over/under for a game between the Cubs and Brewers is set at 8.5. If the final score is 5-4, the "over" wins.
• Insight: Consider factors like pitching matchups, ballpark dimensions, and weather when betting totals.

Parlay

• Definition: A bet combining two or more selections, where all must win for the parlay to cash.
• Example: Parlaying the Dodgers' moneyline (-150) and Yankees' run line (-1.5 at +110).
• Insight: Parlays offer high payouts but increased risk due to multiple outcomes.

Passed Ball (PB)

A pitch that the catcher fails to catch, allowing a runner to advance.

Perfect Game

A game in which a pitcher does not allow any opposing players to reach base.

Pickoff

A play where the pitcher or catcher throws to a base to catch a runner off-guard.

Pitcher

The defensive player who throws the ball to the batter.

Plate Appearance (PA)

A completed turn at bat, including all outcomes such as hits, walks, and outs.

Prop Bet (Proposition Bet)

• Definition: Bets on specific outcomes within a game, not tied to the final result.
• Example: Betting on Aaron Judge to hit a home run or Max Scherzer to record over 7.5 strikeouts.
• Insight: Props can exploit niche markets but require detailed player analysis.

Power Hitter

In baseball, a power hitter is a player who is known for their ability to hit the ball with significant strength and distance, often resulting in extra-base hits such as home runs, doubles, and triples. These players are typically characterized by their high slugging percentage (SLG), a statistic that measures the total number of bases a player earns per at-bat, emphasizing their ability to deliver impactful hits.

Key Characteristics of a Power Hitter:

1. High Home Run Totals: Power hitters are often among the league leaders in home runs during a season.
2. High Slugging Percentage: They achieve a high SLG due to frequent extra-base hits.
3. Strength and Bat Speed: Power hitters combine physical strength with excellent bat speed to generate significant force.
4. Strikeouts: They may strike out frequently, as their swing is designed to prioritize power over contact.
5. Run Production: These players often have high RBI (Runs Batted In) totals because their power drives in runners.

Examples of Power Hitters:

• Historical: Babe Ruth, Hank Aaron, Barry Bonds
• Modern: Aaron Judge, Shohei Ohtani, Pete Alonso

Push

• Definition: When a bet ends in a tie, and your stake is refunded.
• Example: If you bet on the Cardinals -2 and they win 4-2, the bet is a push.
• Insight: Pushes are common in totals and run-line betting when the number is not a half-point.

Putout (PO)

A defensive statistic credited to a fielder who records an out by catching a batted ball, tagging a runner, or touching a base for a force out.

Quality Start (QR)

A statistic in baseball that measures a starting pitcher's effectiveness. To achieve a quality start, a pitcher must:

1. Pitch at least six innings and
2. Allow three or fewer earned runs during those innings.

The quality start metric aims to gauge a pitcher’s ability to keep their team competitive in the game. It rewards consistency and durability but does not account for other factors like strikeouts, walks, or unearned runs.

• Example: A starting pitcher throws 7 innings and allows 2 earned runs. This qualifies as a Quality Start because they pitched at least 6 innings and allowed 3 or fewer earned runs.

RBI (Run Batted In)

A statistic credited to a batter for driving in a run.

Rate Stats Qualifiers

Minimum thresholds a player must meet for certain rate statistics to be officially recognized.

Reached On Error (ROE)

When a batter reaches base due to a defensive error.

Relief Pitcher

A pitcher who enters the game after the starting pitcher.

Run

In baseball, a run is scored when a player successfully advances around all four bases—first, second, third, and home plate—without being put out, and safely reaches home plate. Runs are the primary measure of a team’s success in a game, as the team with the most runs at the end of the game wins.

Example: A player hits a triple (reaches third base). The next batter hits a single, allowing the player on third to run to home plate and score.

• Result: The team is credited with one run, increasing their score.

Run Line

• Baseball’s version of point spread betting, usually set at -1.5 for favorites and +1.5 for underdogs.
• Example: The Yankees are -1.5 (+120), meaning they must win by 2 or more runs for the bet to win.
• Insight: Run lines offer better payouts than moneylines for favorites but are riskier.

Sacrifice Bunt (SH)

A bunt intended to advance a runner while sacrificing the batter’s opportunity to reach base safely.

Sacrifice Fly

A fly ball caught for an out that allows a runner to score.

Single (1B)

A hit where the batter safely reaches first base.

Slugging Percentage (SLG)

A measure of a batter’s power is calculated as total bases divided by at-bats.

• Formula: Total Bases ÷ At-Bats
  Example: A player with 22 total bases in 25 at-bats has an SLG of 22 ÷ 25 = 0.880.

Splitter (Split-Finger Fastball)

A pitch that drops sharply as it reaches the plate.

Spread in Baseball Betting

Definition: In baseball betting, the spread, often called the run line, is a type of wager that adjusts the score by assigning a handicap to the favorite and an advantage to the underdog. The standard spread in baseball is usually set at 1.5 runs. Bettors choose whether the favorite will win by more than 1.5 runs or if the underdog will win outright or lose by no more than 1 run.

Example

• Game: Yankees vs. Red Sox
• Spread: Yankees -1.5 (+120), Red Sox +1.5 (-140)
  • Betting on the Yankees -1.5 means they must win by at least 2 runs for the bet to cash.
  • Betting on the Red Sox +1.5 means the bet wins if the Red Sox win outright or lose by only 1 run.

If the final score is Yankees 5, Red Sox 4:

• A bet on Yankees -1.5 loses because they only won by 1 run.
• A bet on Red Sox +1.5 wins because they lost by less than 2 runs.

Standings

Definition: Standings in baseball refer to a ranking system that shows each team's performance within their division, league, or overall season. They typically include key metrics like wins (W), losses (L), winning percentage (PCT), games behind the division leader (GB), and streaks (e.g., winning or losing streaks). Standings are updated daily throughout the season.

Example

American League East Standings:

In this example:

• The Orioles lead the division with a .586 winning percentage.
• The Rays are 3 games behind (GB) the Orioles.
• The Yankees are further behind and on a small winning streak (W2).

Where to Find Baseball Standings Online

1. MLB Official Website: mlb.com/standings
   • Provides up-to-date standings for all divisions, wild card races, and playoff positioning.

Steal

When a base runner advances to the next base while the pitcher is delivering the ball.

Strike

A pitch that the batter swings at and misses, or does not swing at but is within the strike zone.

Strike Zone

The area over home plate between the batter’s knees and mid-torso, where pitches must pass to be called strikes.

Switch Hitter

A batter who can hit from both sides of the plate.

Tag Up

A rule requiring base runners to return to their base and touch it after a fly ball is caught before advancing.

Team Total

• Definition: A bet on the total runs scored by one team in a game.
• Example: Betting the Dodgers to score over 4.5 runs in their game against the Padres.
• Insight: Useful when you want to focus on one team's offensive performance.

Totals

• Definition: A wager on the combined runs scored by both teams in a game, also known as over/under.
• Example: If the total is set at 8.5, and the final score is 6-3, the "over" wins.
• Insight: Weather, ballpark factors, and starting pitchers heavily influence totals.

Total Bases

Total Bases (TB) is a baseball statistic measuring the number of bases a batter earns from hits. Each type of hit contributes a specific number of bases:

• Single: 1 base
• Double: 2 bases
• Triple: 3 bases
• Home Run: 4 bases

The formula for calculating total bases is:

Total Bases=Total Bases=(1×Singles)+(2×Doubles)+(3×Triples)+(4×Home Runs)

Example:

• A player hits:
• 2 singles
• 1 double
• 1 home run

Calculation: Total Bases=(2×1)+(1×2)+(1×4)=8

Total Chances (TC)

The sum of a fielder’s putouts, assists, and errors.

Triple

A hit where the batter safely reaches third base.

Triple Play (TP)

A rare defensive play resulting in three outs.

Umpire

The official responsible for enforcing the rules and making judgment calls.

Umpires in #year#

Major League Baseball (MLB) expanded its use of technology in 2024 by integrating the Automated Ball-Strike System (ABS) in select games, allowing umpires to rely on AI for calling balls and strikes. While traditional umpires still oversee the game, ABS helps ensure consistency in the strike zone, reducing controversy over close calls. Umpires can override the system in specific situations, maintaining their authority on the field. This marks a significant step in blending tradition with innovation in baseball.

Underdog

• Definition: The team expected to lose, reflected in positive moneyline odds.
• Example: If the Orioles are +180 against the Yankees, they are the underdog.
• Insight: Betting on underdogs can offer higher payouts, especially in volatile matchups.

Value Bet

• Definition: A bet where the odds offer a higher implied probability than the actual chance of winning.
• Example: If you believe the Blue Jays have a 60% chance to win but their moneyline implies only a 50% chance, it’s a value bet.
• Insight: Requires sharp analysis to identify undervalued teams.

Walk (Base on Balls)

When a batter receives four balls and is awarded first base.

Walk-Off

A hit or play that ends the game in favor of the home team.

Walks Plus Hits Per Inning (WHIP)

In baseball, WHIP stands for Walks plus Hits per Inning Pitched. It is a statistical measure to evaluate a pitcher's effectiveness at preventing base runners. WHIP calculates the average number of walks and hits a pitcher allows per inning, excluding runs scored or errors. It is a key metric for understanding how well a pitcher controls the game by limiting opposing players’ opportunities to reach base.

Formula: WHIP = (Walks Allowed + Hits Allowed) ÷ Innings Pitched

WAR (Wins Above Replacement)

Definition: WAR stands for Wins Above Replacement and is an advanced statistic that measures a player's total value to their team regarding wins. It compares a player's performance to a hypothetical "replacement-level" player, representing the average production of readily available players (e.g., minor leaguers or bench players). WAR combines offensive, defensive, and baserunning contributions.

Example: In 2022, Aaron Judge had a WAR of 10.6, meaning his performance contributed about 10.6 more wins to the Yankees than a replacement-level player would have.

• A WAR of 5+ in a season is considered All-Star level, while 8+ is MVP-caliber.

Wild Pitch

A pitch so erratic that the catcher cannot control it, allowing runners to advance.

Windup

The pitcher’s motion before delivering the ball to the batter.

Wins Above Replacement (WAR)

A comprehensive statistic that measures a player’s total contributions to their team compared to a replacement-level player.

• Real-World Example: In the 2024 season, Mookie Betts had a WAR of 8.2, leading the league and showcasing his value both offensively and defensively.
• Statistical Table:

wOBA (Weighted On-Base Average)

Definition: wOBA, or Weighted On-Base Average, is an advanced offensive metric that measures a player's overall offensive contributions by assigning proper value to each outcome (e.g., singles, doubles, home runs, walks). Unlike traditional on-base percentage (OBP), wOBA weighs each event according to its impact on run creation.

Example: In 2022, Freddie Freeman had a wOBA of .393, indicating he was highly effective at generating offensive value.

• A wOBA of .320 is considered league average, while .400+ is elite.